Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Overview of The Seven Years War (1756 - 63)

Overview of The Seven Years War (1756 - 63) In Europe, the Seven Years War was fought between an alliance of France, Russia, Sweden, Austria and Saxony against Prussia, Hanover and Great Britain from 1756 - 63. However, the war had an international element, particularly as Britain and France fought for domination of North America and India. As such, it has been called the first ‘world war’. The theatre in North America is called the ‘French Indian’ war, and in German,y the Seven Years War has been known as the ‘Third Silesian War’. It is notable for the adventures of Frederick the Great, a man whose major early successes and later tenacity were matched by one of the most incredible pieces of luck ever to end a major conflict in history (that bit is on page two). Origins: The Diplomatic Revolution The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748, but to many, it was only an armistice, a temporary halt to the war. Austria had lost Silesia to Prussia, and was angry at both Prussia – for taking the wealthy land – and her own allies for not making sure it was returned. She started weighing up her alliances and seeking out alternatives. Russia grew worried about the growing power of Prussia, and wondered about waging a ‘preventative’ war to stop them. Prussia, pleased at having gained Silesia, believed it would take another war to keep it, and hoped to gain more territory during it. In the 1750s, as tensions rose in North America between British and French colonists competing for the same land, Britain acted to try and prevent the ensuing war destabilising Europe by altering its alliances. These actions, and a change of heart by Frederick II of Prussia – known by his many later admirers as ‘the Great’ – triggered what has been called the ‘Diplomatic Revolution’, as the previous system of alliances broke down and a new one replaced it, with Austria, France and Russia allied against Britain, Prussia and Hanover. Europe: Frederick Gets His Retaliation in First In May 1756, Britain and France officially went to war, triggered by French attacks on Minorca; the recent treaties stopped other nations being sucked in to help. But with the new alliances in place, Austria was poised to strike and take Silesia back, and Russia was planning a similar initiative, so Frederick II of Prussia – aware of the plotting – initiated conflict in an attempt to gain an advantage. He wanted to defeat Austria before France and Russia could mobilise; he also wanted to seize more land. Frederick thus attacked Saxony in August 1756 to try and break its alliance with Austria, seize its resources and set up his planned 1757 campaign. He took the capital, accepting their surrender, incorporating their troops and sucking huge funds out of the state. Prussian forces then advanced into Bohemia, but were unable to win the victory that would keep them there and they retreated to Saxony. They advanced back again in early 1757, winning the battle of Prague on May 6, 1757, thanks in no small part to Frederick’s subordinates. However, the Austrian army had retreated into Prague, which Prussia besieged. Luckily for the Austrians, Frederick was defeated on June 18th by a relief force at the Battle of Kolin and forced to retreat out of Bohemia. Europe: Prussia Under Attack Prussia now appeared to be attacked from all sides, as a French force defeated the Hanoverians under an English general – the King of England was also the King of Hanover – occupied Hanover and marched to Prussia, while Russia came in from the East and defeated other Prussians, although they followed this up by retreating and only occupied East Prussia the next January. Austria moved on Silesia and Sweden, new to the Franco-Russo-Austrian alliance, also attacked. For a while Frederick sank into self pity, but responded with a display of arguably brilliant generalship, defeating a Franco-German army at Rossbach on November 5th, and an Austrian one at Leuthenon December 5th; both of which had outnumbered him greatly. Neither victory was enough to force an Austrian (or French) surrender. From now on the French would target a resurgent Hanover, and never fought Frederick again, while he moved quickly, defeating one enemy army and then another before they could effectively team up, using his advantage of shorter, internal lines of movement. Austria soon learnt not to fight Prussia in the large, open areas which favoured Prussia’s superior movement, although this was constantly reduced by casualties. Britain began to harass the French coast to try and draw troops away, while Prussia pushed the Swedes out. Europe: Victories and Defeats The British ignored the surrender of their previous Hanoverian army and returned to the region, intent on keeping France at bay. This new army was commanded by a close ally of Frederick’s (his brother in law) and kept French forces busy in the west and away from both Prussia and the French colonies. They won the battle of Minden in 1759, and made a series of strategic manoeuvres to tie up the enemy armies, although were constrained by having to send reinforcements to Frederick. Frederick attacked Austria, but was outmanoeuvred during a siege and forced to retreat into Silesia. He then fought a draw with the Russians at Zorndorf, but took heavy casualties (a third of his army); he was then beaten by Austria at Hochkirch, losing a third again. By the end of the year he had cleared Prussia and Silesia of enemy armies, but was greatly weakened, unable to pursue anymore grand offensives; Austria was cautiously pleased. By now, all belligerents had spent huge sums. Frederick was bought to battle again at Battle of Kunersdorf in August 1759, but was heavily defeated by an Austro-Russian army. He lost 40% of the troops present, although he managed to keep the remainder of his army in operation. Thanks to Austrian and Russian caution, delays and disagreements, their advantage was not pressed and Frederick avoided being forced to surrender. In 1760 Frederick failed in another siege, but won minor victories against the Austrians, although at Torgau he won because of his subordinates rather than anything he did. France, with some Austrian support, tried to push for peace. By the end of 1761, with enemies wintering on Prussian land, things were going badly for Frederick, whose once highly trained army was now bulked out with hastily gathered recruits, and whose numbers where well below those of the enemy armies. Frederick was increasingly unable to perform the marches and outflankings which had bought him success, and was on the defensive. Had Frederick’s enemies overcome their seeming inability to co-ordinate – thanks to xenophobia, dislike, confusion, class differences and more - Frederick might already have been beaten. In control of only a part of Prussia, Frederick’s efforts looked doomed, despite Austria being in a desperate financial position. Europe: Death as Prussian Saviour Frederick hoped for a miracle, and he got one. The implacably anti-Prussian Tsarina of Russia died, to be succeeded by Tsar Peter III. He was favourable to Prussia and made immediate peace, sending troops to help Frederick. Although Peter was assassinated quickly afterwards – not before trying to invade Denmark – the new Tsar – Peter’s wife, Catherine the Great – kept the peace agreements, although she withdrew Russian troops which had been helping Frederick. This freed Frederick to win more engagements against Austria. Britain took the chance to end their alliance with Prussia – thanks partly to mutual antipathy between Frederick and Britain’s new Prime Minister- declaring war on Spain and attacking their Empire instead. Spain invaded Portugal, but were halted with British aid. The Global War Although British troops did fight on the continent, slowly increasing in numbers, the Britain had preferred to send financial support to Frederick and Hanover – subsidies larger than any before in British history – rather than fight in Europe. This was in order to send troops and ships elsewhere in the world. The British had been involved in fighting in North America since 1754, and the government under William Pitt decided to further prioritise the war in America, and hit the rest of France’s imperial possessions, using their powerful navy to harass France where she was weakest. In contrast, France focused on Europe first, planning an invasion of Britain, but this possibility was ended by the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759, shattering France’s remaining Atlantic naval power and their ability to reinforce America. England had effectively won the ‘French-Indian’ war in North America by 1760, but peace there had to wait until the other theatres were settled. In 1759 a small, opportunistic British force had seized Fort Louis on the Senegal River in Africa, acquiring plenty of valuables and suffering no casualties. Consequently, by the end of the year, all French trading posts in Africa were British. Britain then attacked France in the West Indies, taking the rich island of Guadeloupe and moving on to other wealth producing targets. The British East India Company retaliated against a local leader and attacked French interests in India and, aided greatly by the British Royal Navy dominating the Indian Ocean as it had the Atlantic, ejected France from the area. By war’s end, Britain had a vastly increased Empire, France a much reduced one. Britain and Spain also went to war, and Britain shocked their new enemy by seizing the hub of their Caribbean operations, Havana, and a quarter of the Spanish Navy. Peace None of Prussia, Austria, Russia or France had been able to win the decisive victories needed to force their enemies to surrender, but by 1763 the war in Europe had drained the belligerents and they sought peace, Austria, facing bankruptcy and feeling unable to proceed without Russia, France defeated abroad and unwilling to fight on to support Austria, and England keen to cement global success and end the drain on their resources. Prussia was intent on forcing a return to the state of affairs before the war, but as peace negotiations dragged on Frederick sucked as much as he could out of Saxony, including kidnapping girls and relocating them in depopulated areas of Prussia. The Treaty of Paris was signed on February 10th, 1763, settling issues between Britain, Spain and France, humiliating the latter, former greatest power in Europe. Britain gave Havana back to Spain, but received Florida in return. France compensated Spain by giving her Louisiana, while England got all French lands in North America east of the Mississippi except New Orleans. Britain also gained much of the West Indies, Senegal, Minorca and land in India. Other possessions changed hands, and Hanover was secured for the British. On February 10th, 1763 the Treaty of Hubertusburg between Prussia and Austria confirmed the status quo: Prussia kept Silesia, and secured its claim to ‘great power’ status, while Austria kept Saxony. As historian Fred Anderson pointed out, millions had been spent and tens of thousands had died, but nothing had changed. Consequences Britain was left as the dominant world power, albeit deeply in debt, and the cost had introduced new problems in the relationship with its colonists (this would go on to cause the American Revolutionary War, another global conflict that would end in a British defeat.) France was on the road to economic disaster and revolution. Prussia had lost 10% of its population but, crucially for Frederick’s reputation, had survived the alliance of Austria, Russia and France which had wanted to reduce or destroy it, although many historians claim Frederick is given too much credit for this as outside factors allowed it. Reforms followed in many of the belligerent’s government and military, with Austrian fears that Europe would be on the road to a disastrous militarism were well founded. The failure of Austria to reduce Prussia to second rate power doomed it to a competition between the two for the future of Germany, benefitting Russia and France, and leading to a Prussian centred Germany empire. The war also saw a shift in the balance of diplomacy, with Spain and Holland, reduced in importance, replaced by two new Great Powers: Prussia and Russia. Saxony was ruined.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Facts and Figures of Eudimorphodon

Facts and Figures of Eudimorphodon Although its not nearly as well known as Pteranodon or even Rhamphorhynchus, Eudimorphodon holds an important place in paleontology as one of the earliest identified pterosaurs: this smallish reptile hopped around the coastlines of Europe a whopping 210 million years ago, during the late Triassic period. Eudimorphodon had the wing structure (short forelimbs embedded in an extended flap of skin) characteristic of all pterosaurs, as well as a diamond-shaped appendage on the end of its tail that probably helped it to steer or to adjust its course in mid-air. Judging by the structure of its breastbone, paleontologists believe Eudimorphodon may even have had the ability to actively flap its primitive wings. (By the way, despite its name, Eudimorphodon wasnt particularly closely related to the much later Dimorphodon, beyond the fact that both were pterosaurs.) Name: Eudimorphodon (Greek for true dimorphic tooth); pronounced YOU-die-MORE-fo-don Habitat: Shores of Western Europe Historical Period: Late Triassic (210 million years ago) Size and Weight: Wingspan of two feet and a few pounds Diet: Fish, insects and possibly invertebrates Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; over 100 teeth in snout; diamond-shaped flap on end of the tail Given Eudimorphodons nameGreek for true dimorphic toothyou may surmise that its teeth have been especially diagnostic in tracking the course of pterosaur evolution, and youd be right. Although the snout of Eudimorphodon measured barely three inches long, it was packed with over a hundred teeth, punctuated by six prominent fangs at the end (four on the top jaw and two on the bottom). This dental apparatus, combined with the fact that Eudimorphodon could snap its jaws shut without any spaces between its teeth, points to a diet rich in fishone Eudimorphodon specimen has been identified bearing the fossilized remains of the prehistoric fish Parapholidophorusprobably supplemented by insects or even shelled invertebrates. One of the interesting things about Eudimorphodon is where its type species, E. ranzii, was discovered: near Bergamo, Italy, in 1973, making this one of the most notable prehistoric animals native to Italy.  A second named species of this pterosaur, E. rosenfeldi, was later promoted to its own genus, Carniadactylus, while a third, E. cromptonellus, discovered a couple of decades after E. ranzii in Greenland, was subsequently promoted to the obscure Arcticodactylus. (Confused yet? Well, then youll be glad to know that yet another Eudimorphodon specimen discovered in Italy in the 1990s, which had been tentatively classified as an individual of E. ranzii, was likewise kicked up to the newly designated genus Austriadraco in 2015.)

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Coping, Maintaining Health and Preventing Illness Assignment

Coping, Maintaining Health and Preventing Illness - Assignment Example People with Type A personalities have low self-esteem, low patience, and distrust towards fellow humans. These qualities result in irritation, anger, anxiety and lack of sympathy; these symptoms indicate anxiety disorders. Experiencing anxiety disorders indicates or are associated with some form of cardiac issues. Psychology of individuals has a significant impact on their health. Association of psychological distress and chronic heart failure was established by Lesman-Leegte et al.’s (2006) study that indicated most of the patients with chronic heart failure were suffering from psychological distress, either in the form of depression or anxiety disorder. Sogaard et al.’s (2008) research carried out with a purpose of investigating relationships between type A behavior pattern and psychological distress measured in middle aged men participating in two surveys 28 years apart clearly indicated that Type A individuals had high risk of developing psychological distress. Psychological distress needs to be managed through counselling and psychotherapy that can strengthen Type A individuals’ psychosocial characteristics towards more positive outcomes. Aquarius et al. (2006) proved that younger people require higher social support in order to recover from treatment of peripheral arterial disease (a type of heart disease). This social support is to enhance their psychosocial impressions of the self and

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

SPORT MANGMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

SPORT MANGMENT - Essay Example I have always wondered how names such as Emirates Stadium and IBM got into the world of sports. By the end of our trip, the questions of how the sports world is organized, and why sponsors are inevitable in sports had fully been answered. Each day was a new experience as I got to learn the different sports sponsors in United Kingdom as well as the role that sponsors have played in transforming the world of sports. To demonstrate the role of sponsors and technology in sports particularly in United Kingdom, I will mainly focus on three days of the trip, which, include experience at the Arsenal Club, visit to the Wimbledon court, and stopover at the BBC Journal. In each visit, we looked at the role of sponsorship, the advantages, and disadvantages of sponsoring large sport events especially on the risks that, such sponsorship entails which may lead to failure within the sports industry, the events, the players, the participating brands, and the sponsors. The information in this paper will not only demonstrate my tremendous experience but will be useful for those hoping to venture in the world of sports (Sport England Web). The United Kingdom is unquestionably a lovely country rich in culture and history, and a commendable source of business and expert knowledge not just in sports but also in different fields. On May 30, I set off for Arsenal stadium to get the facts about the team I have always adored but only watched them play on the TV. It was a fascinating experience to learn that Arsenal migrated to another stadium because they were losing businesswise due to lack of enough seats for fans. The old stadium could hold less than 40,000 and they have to put about 20,000 persons in the waitlist (thestadiumguide Web). The new Stadium is the third-largest football stadium in England after  Wimble Stadium and  Old Trafford,  and holds approximately 60,350 fans

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Literature review Essay Example for Free

Literature review Essay Abstract: Supply chain Management has assumed a significant role in firms performance and has attracted serious research attention over the last few years. A literature review reveals a considerable spurt in research in theory and practice of SCM. Combining and informing on features of Supply Management and distribution Management. This integration has resulted in the concept of extended enterprise and the supply chain is now manifest as the collaborative supply chain across intercompany borders to maximize the value across the entire supply chain. A large number of research papers have been published in various journals in last two decades. In this paper an attempt is made to review the status of literature on Supply Chain Management. A literature classification scheme is proposed. A total of 588 articles from 13 refereed academic journals are classified into articles in five methodologies i.e. Exploratory, Normative, Methodology, Literature Review and Hypothesis testing. This literature review finds that exploratory type of research is mostly preferred it is expected that with the maturity of SCM the hypothesis testing method will pick up. The articles are further categorized in fifteen categories on the basis of content analysis. Based on this review, some possible research issues are identified. Keywords: SCM, Supply Chain strategy, Literature Review. those with average performance. 1. INTRODUCTION Traditionally, Supply Chain Management (SCM) has been a melting pot of various aspects, with influences from logistics and transportation, operations management and materials anddistribution management, marketing, as well as purchasing and information technology (IT). Ideally, the allencompassing philosophy of SCM embraces each of these functions to produce an overall supply chain strategy that ultimately enhances firm performance (Croom et al. 2000; Wisner and Tan 2000). In actuality, the literature is still very fragmented and although several studies purport to discuss supply chain issues, most of the existing research only examines one link of the chain, or most importantly only focuses on one ingredient in the supply chain performance mix. Six major movements can be observed in the evolution of supply chain management studies. Creation, Integration, Globalization, Specialization Phases One and Two, and SCM 2.0 These phases are given in Table 1. In the current competitive scenario supply chain management assumes a significant importance and calls for serious research attention, as companies are challenged with finding ways to meet ever-rising customer expectations at a manageable cost. To do so, businesses must search out which parts of their supply-chain process are not competitive, understand which customer needs are not being met, establish improvement goals, and rapidly implement necessary improvements. Previously manufacturers were the drivers of the supply chain managing the pace at which products were manufactured and distributed. Today, customers are calling the shots, and manufacturers are scrambling to meet customer demands for options/styles/ features, quick order fulfillment, and fast delivery. Manufacturing quality a long-time competitive differentiator is approaching parity across the board, so meeting customer’s specific demands for product delivery has emerged as the next critical opportunity for co mpetitive advantage. Companies that learn how to improve management of their supply chain will become the new success stories in the global market place. Study on Benchmarking shows significant cost differences between organizations that exhibit best-in-class performance and Copyright  © 2010 HyperSciences_Publisher. All rights reserved The six stage evolutionary era depicts that in a particular era which strategy was emphasized. For instance in the sixth era information Technology was given priority and IT enabled supply chain was the burning issue. In the 1990s industries began to focus on â€Å"core competencies† and adopted a specialization model. Companies abandoned vertical integration, sold off non-core operations, and outsourced those functions to other companies. Web 2. 0 is defined as a trend in the use of the World Wide Web that is meant to increase creativity, information sharing, and collaboration among users. The term supply chain management was first coined by an American industry consultant in the early 1980s. However the concept of supply chain in management, was of great importance long before in the early 20th century, especially by the creation of the assembly line. This era of supply chain management studies was highlighted with the development of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) systems in the 1960s and developed through the 1990s by the introduction of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. This era is characterized by the globalization of supply chain management in organizations with the goal of increasing competitive advantage, creating more value-added, and reducing costs through global sourcing Specialization within the supply chain began in the 1980s with the inception of transportation brokerages, warehouse management, and non asset based carriers and has matured beyond transportation and logistics into aspects of supply planning, collaboration, execution and performance management. presents various connotations given by various researchers; then a literature classification scheme is explained and a research agenda is suggested after identifying the gaps between theory and practice of SCM. SCM research has included a number of literature reviews and historical studies published in the top scholarly journals in the fields of logistics, logistic   management, purchasing and SCM (Croom et al. 2000; Carter and Ellram 2003; Rungtusanatham et al. 2003). SCM literature reviews have also been done in the past. However, for the most part these reviews have been descriptive (offering basic frequencies for topics covered etc.) or normative. Given the increasing focus on SCM in both academic and practitioner literature streams, a review of the concepts, topics, analysis methods and levels of analysis across thirteen academic journals was undertaken. This research investigates the history of the SCM literature looking at the various trends and developments in the field

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Platos Argument For A Just Life :: essays research papers

Plato's Argument For A Just Life Plato's argument for the benefits of a just life is intrinsically linked to his definition of good and its relation to people's desires. He begins by showing that when the objective of a desire is simple (e.g. quenching a thirst), the desire must be correspondingly simple. Since thirst is a simple desire, the man's objective must also be simplistic and should we assign an adjective to his objective, we would falsely complicate it. In addition, Plato believes that we would be seriously erring if we assign a value of good to an desire. In common use, the adjective good would denote something that is good in relation to others of its kind. We consider a drink good if it contains characteristics that we look for in a drink (e.g. pleasantness or taste). Plato takes this a step further and states that something that is good must not only be good in relation to others but it must be wholly good. Thus a drink cannot be truly good if evil results from it. This poses an interesting question for Plato's readers namely, since no one wants bad things to happen to them, why do people engage in self-destructive activities? The answer lies in the fact that the only reason that we desire to drink is that we anticipate the result of our thirst being quenched. Our appetites see no further consequences than the immediate fulfillment of our desires; they do not contemplate the results of the actions we take to fulfill our desires. For this reason, Plato believes that we must separate the soul based on how it reacts to desires. There must be a part of the soul, Plato reasons, that contemplates the end result of our actions and makes decisions based on a higher reasoning than desire. So we see two distinct parts of the soul. The first is said to be appetite (which desires without reason) and reason (which considers the consequences). Reason may thus work against anything that is not for the total good of the man. Plato holds that if the desire were truly for a good drink, reason would never oppose it. Our usage of the word good, however, has come to denote an expectation of usefulness to our purpose; although this may be relative to the end result that we experience from the object. For example, we call a knife good because it is sharp and cuts well but if the end result is that we cut ourselves, we would say that the knife would have been better if it

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Ethnic and Racial Group overview Essay

While I have always believed myself to be reasonably educated about racial diversity, and non-prejudice against those who come from different ethnic backgrounds than my own, this course has taught me that there is much more to the history and reality of Americas struggle to overcome the all too real problem that is prejudice and discrimination. I have learned much about my own background and history that I was not previously aware of as well. The history of Prejudice and discrimination in America dates as far back as to the days of slavery. While to most this is a well-known fact, there are a few facts about my own ethnic history that were not well-known to me until I participated in this course. The fact that stands out the most is that German immigrants (such as my own grandparents) suffered a reality of segregation in schools and language barriers, not unlike that of today’s Mexican Americans. German Americans struggled to establish bi-lingual schools because they were a growing population in America, and the need was apparent. Knowing this opens up a whole new perspective of my understanding of just how equal we all really are. Because trends in immigration have grown steadily and will continue to grow well into the future, by the year 2050, the U. S. population will experience a culture of diversity so elaborate, and so completely wide spread; resulting in America having no choice but to unite, or suffer from mass self-destruction of the worst kind. The challenges of such a diverse America will be apparent in many ways, and there will be some of the same issues of discrimination and prejudice that have always been. With all of the different cultures coming together, there will be inevitable language barriers, which will result in a continued issue of segregation among children, and the added challenge of providing them with equal educational opportunities. In the same way that children have to face the challenges of diversity, so do the adults who will face discrimination and possible insufficient opportunity to move forward based on their race. On the other hand, when faced with such diversity, America as a whole will be forced to accept change, and perhaps finally overcome the issues that it has been faced with for so long. The opportunity will rise, with the variety of diversity, to become educated about those who are around us. Because there will be nothing else to do but find a way to work together, or to fail as nation, I think that the way that we all see one another is going to change significantly. The idea that others are inferior in any way to any other individual will begin to fade, because with so much diversity all around, there will not be a majority, nor a minority. Perhaps equality in racial group numbers will finally be the key to unlock the door to a prejudice-free America.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Frankenstein or the Monster? (Frankenstein by Mary Shelley) Essay

In Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, the main character Victor Frankenstein, becomes obsessed with the notion of bringing a human being to life. The result is the creation of a monster only known to us as ‘the monster’. The monster is hideous, and is therefore rejected by Victor and by society to fend for himself. He soon commits many murders, as a result of his dejection, including Frankenstein’s younger brother, best friend and newly wed wife. He also set up the killing of Justine. Frankenstein created the monster and then rejected him, but it was the monster who actually did the killings, who was to blame. To start off with there are obvious similarities between Frankenstein and his creation, both have been isolated, and both start out with good intentions. However, Frankenstein’s ego conquers his humanity in his search for god-like powers. The monster is nothing but gentle until society rejects him and makes him an outcast on account of his deformities. The monster is more humane than his own creator because his immoral deeds are committed in response to society’s corruption, while Frankenstein’s evil work begins from his own selfishness. Frankenstein and the monster are abandoned by their creators at a young age, Frankenstein is left without his mother after her death, and the monster is rejected by Frankenstein. Frankenstein and the monster are also similar in that they are isolated and outcasts of society. Frankenstein is most likely an outcast when he consumes himself in work and is isolated when the monster kills those he loves, and the monster is obviously isolated as an ugly, deformed outcast of society. Therefore Frankenstein seems less human than the monster, he displays this by deserting the monster, declining to visit his family for two years and by declining to save Justine. Frankenstein starts out with good intentions, he is merely seeking to gain knowledge of natural beliefs. Soon, his greed for god-like power overcomes him and he becomes consumed with the idea of creating life, â€Å"Summer months passed while I was thus engaged, heart and soul, in one pursuit† (32). The monster also starts out with kindness, he tells his creator, â€Å"Believe me, Frankenstein: I was benevolent, my soul glowed with love and humanity: but am I not alone, miserably alone?† (66). However, after society refuses to accept him based on personal appearance, the monster becomes angry. The monster has an overwhelming capacity to love as can be seen in his admiration for the peasants, â€Å"The monster’s thoughts now became more active, and he longed to discover the motives and feelings of these lovely monsters†¦ he thought, that it might be in his power to restore happiness to these deserving people† (77). The monster’s display of care and compassion for the cottagers is more humane than most humans are. He retains the innocence and naive characteristics of a child. The monster’s grasp of human-like qualities allows the reader to possess sympathy for his situation, he is a victim and Frankenstein is to blame. A true monster would, by definition, have no emotions or remorse, while Frankenstein’s creation has a very natural, human desire to be loved and accepted, â€Å"Once the monster falsely hoped to meet with beings, who, pardoning his outward form, would love him for the excellent qualities which he was capable of bringing forth†(154). Another human characteristic that the monster holds is his conscience, as can be seen at the end of the book after Frankenstein dies. The monster tells Walton, â€Å"It is true that I am a wretch. I have murdered the lovely and the helpless, I have strangled the innocent as they slept†¦You hate me, but your abhorrence cannot equal that with which I regard myself† (155). Compassion, fear, desire to be accepted, and guilt are all very human emotions and characteristics that the monster displays. While Frankenstein is consumed in his work, he feels none of the emotions that the monster feels in his first years of life, Victor says of himself, â€Å"Winter, spring, and summer, passed away during my labours, but I did not watch the blossom or the expanding leaves- sights which before always yielded me supreme delight, so deeply was I engrossed in my occupation† (33). Frankenstein is obsessed with holding god-like powers, â€Å"I ceased to fear or to bend before any being less almighty than that which had created and ruled the elements† (78). At several points in the book Victor has the chance to prevent harm being done to others, but each time he is only  concerned with himself. It is ambiguous, but Victor could have warned the family, or gone to protect innocent little William. More obviously, he could have spoken up about the monster and saved the life of Justine. Instead, Frankenstein chooses to let Justine die and wallow in his own guilt, â€Å"Anguish and despair had penetrated into the core of his heart† (57). After the monster’s threat, Victor is concerned only about his own life and fails to see the threat to his bride Elizabeth. Victor is weak in love, he has difficulty expressing his feelings and controlling his impulses, and he is self-cantered. Many contrasts can be made between Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Milton’s Paradise Lost. Victor’s character is paralleled directly with Satan’s, both succumb to selfishness when they fall. Much like Satan, Victor is forced to carry his anguish with him constantly, â€Å"Frankenstein bore a hell within himself which nothing could extinguish† (57). The monster is a portrayal of Eve’s role in Paradise Lost. The monster is persuaded by the behaviour of others to take his fall into wickedness, much like Eve was pushed by the serpent to eat the forbidden fruit. Shelley blatantly makes this comparison when Frankenstein gets a first glance of himself in a scene that mirrors Eve’s first look at herself. The monster tells Victor, â€Å"I was terrified when I viewed myself in a transparent pool! At first I stared back, unable to believe that it was indeed I who was reflected in the mirror, and when I became fully convinced that I was in reality the monster that I am, I was filled with the bitterest sensations of despondence and mortification† (108). Despite their similarities, Victor and his creation differ greatly. Only after rejection does the monster turn to evil, while Victor acts out of greed. Victor’s self-centred behaviour affects everyone in the novel, he hurts his family’s feelings, he lets th ose that he loves die, and abandons his own creation. Even the monster couldn’t have committed such horrible acts before the effects of society’s rejection. Frankenstein is mainly to blame for what happened in the novel because he created the monster and then rejected it. If he had shown the monster more fatherly care, the monster would have been more kindly disposed towards the human race. We see the monster’s admiration of the human race at first, with  the De Lacey family, but you can imagine how he must have felt, being excluded from any activity in the world involving humans. The fact that it is Frankenstein’s fault is portrayed in the monster’s innocence and naivety early on. The monster however, did refuse to show human qualities in his mass murdering, he showed no guilt until the end of the book, when he realised what he had done. Frankenstein himself had many opportunities to stop what happened in the book, for instance by finishing off the monster’s female companion. He had a chance to stop Justine’s death, but instead wallowed in his own misery. It is clear that although the monster showed huge brutality with little guilt and did actually commit the crimes, Frankenstein is to blame for what happened in the book because he created the monster, rejected him, and failed to stop the events which resulted, although he had a chance.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Backgrounds essays

Backgrounds essays This is one country. It has become one country because all the people who came here had an equal chance to develop their talents. John Fitzgerald Kennedy I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal. It can be said that equality during the time of the Civil Rights Movement may have only seemed like a dream. Today people of any race can dine together in the same restaurants, drink from the same water fountains, and shop from the same stores, with much thanks to two significant men: former President John F. Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. While both men pursued equality of all races, each went about it very differently. Former President Kennedy was a well-liked and prominent man from Brookline, Massachusetts. He was the youngest president to ever hold office in history; he had charm and charisma unlike any other. He was a navy veteran of World War II, among other achievements, including graduating from Harvard. On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy gave a speech on Civil Rights that would legislatively get the ball rolling on widespread public equality. The moving speech was wonderfully written with enthusiasm; however, coming from a politician, one could argue his true sincerity to the issue and wonder what could be gained politically by this speech. While Kennedy may have cared about the well-being of his citizens, he did have a lot to gain by his speech: political popularity. He could have marketed a campaign on equality to be re-elected for a second term. The audience of his Civil Rights speech is worth noting; most all of them were white and potential voters. None of these individuals could possibly have any idea how African Americans were treated, as they themselves never had to exper ...

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Japanese Folk Tales Mukashi Banashi

Japanese Folk Tales Mukashi Banashi Japanese folk tales are called, mukashi banashi. They begin with a set phrase like, Once upon a time (Mukashi Mukashi aru tokoro ni †¦). The characters of a mukashi banashi often include an old man and an old woman, or man with a name like Taro or Jiro. There are a few hundred stories that are considered standard Japanese folktales. Many Japanese grow up being very familiar with them. There was a popular TV series called, Manga Nihon Mukashi Banashi, which is an animated version of famous folktales. You can watch some of them on Youtube. I noticed one of the stories; Hanasaka Jiisan (Grandfather Cherry Blossom) has English sub-titles, which I think would be great to use for listening practice. I wrote out the dialogue for the first two minutes in Japanese and romaji. I hope you can use it as a study aid. If you find it useful, please let me know and I will add more dialogue in the future. Japanese Translation æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¦Ëœâ€Ã¨ © ± æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£  ®Ã¥  ¤Ã£  Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€°Ã¨ ¨â‚¬Ã£ â€žÃ¤ ¼ Ã£â€š Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã¨ © ±Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¦Ëœâ€Ã¨ © ±Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€žÃ£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦Ëœâ€Ã¨ © ±Ã£  ¯Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¨Ë† ¬Ã§Å¡â€žÃ£  «Ã£â‚¬ Ã£â‚¬Å'む㠁‹ã â€" む㠁‹ã â€" 㠁‚る㠁 ¨Ã£ â€œÃ£â€š Ã£  «Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£â‚¬â€šÃ£â‚¬â€šÃ£â‚¬ Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€žÃ£  £Ã£ Å¸Ã¦ ± ºÃ£  ¾Ã£â€šÅ Ã¦â€"‡å  ¥Ã£  §Ã¥ §â€¹Ã£  ¾Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£  Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£â‚¬ Ã£ Å Ã£ ËœÃ£ â€žÃ£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£â‚¬ Ã£ Å Ã£  °Ã£ â€šÃ£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£â‚¬ Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ©Æ'Žã‚„æ ¬ ¡Ã©Æ'Žã  ¨Ã£ â€žÃ£  £Ã£ Å¸Ã¥  Ã¥â€° Ã£  ®Ã§â€ ·Ã£  ®Ã¤ º ºÃ£ Å'〠Ã£ â€"㠁 °Ã£ â€"㠁 °Ã§â„¢ »Ã¥   ´Ã¤ º ºÃ§â€° ©Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã§  ¾Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£  ®Ã¦Ëœâ€Ã¨ © ±Ã£  ¯Ã¤ » £Ã¨ ¡ ¨Ã§Å¡â€žÃ£  ªÃ£â€šâ€šÃ£  ®Ã£   Ã£ â€˜Ã£  §Ã£â‚¬ Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã£  ¯Ã£ â€šÃ£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥ ¤Å¡Ã£  Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¤ º ºÃ£  «Ã£  ¨Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£â‚¬ Ã¨ Å¾Ã £  Ã¨â€š ²Ã£  £Ã£ Å¸Ã¦Ëœâ€Ã¨ © ±Ã£  ¯Ã£  ¨Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£  ªÃ£ ËœÃ£  ¿Ã¦ · ±Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€šÃ£  ®Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£  ¾Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£ Å'æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¦Ëœâ€Ã¨ © ±Ã£  ¯Ã£â‚¬ Ã¦Ëœâ€Ã¨ © ±Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£â€š ¢Ã£Æ'‹ãÆ' ¡Ã¥Å'â€"㠁â€"㠁Ÿä º ºÃ¦ °â€"ãÆ'†ãÆ' ¬Ã£Æ'“ç• ªÃ§ µâ€žÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£Æ' ¦Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' ¥Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'â€"㠁 §Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£â‚¬ Ã£  Ã£  ®Ã§â€¢ ªÃ§ µâ€žÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ¦â€¹Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£ Å'㠁 §Ã£  Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£  Ã£  ®Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã£  ®Ã£  ²Ã£  ¨Ã£  ¤Ã£  ®Ã£  ¯Ã£  ªÃ£ â€¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£ ËœÃ£ â€žÃ£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  «Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£  ®Ã¥ ­â€"Ã¥ ¹â€¢Ã£ Å'㠁 ¤Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£  «Ã¦ °â€"㠁 ¥Ã£  Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚よ㠁„è Å¾Ã£  Ã¥ â€"り㠁 ®Ã§ · ´Ã§ ¿â€™Ã£  «Ã£  ªÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ¨Ã¦â‚¬ Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£  Ã£  ®Ã£â‚¬Å'㠁 ¯Ã£  ªÃ£ â€¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£ ËœÃ£ â€žÃ£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£â‚¬ Ã£  ®Ã¦Å"€åˆ Ã£  ®Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã©â€"“㠁 ®Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šÅ Ã£  µÃ£â€šâ€™Ã ¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£  ¨Ã£Æ' ­Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'žå ­â€"㠁 §Ã¦â€º ¸Ã£  Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£  ¿Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚勉å ¼ ·Ã£  ®Ã¥Å  ©Ã£ â€˜Ã£  ¨Ã£  ªÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€žÃ£ â€žÃ£  ªÃ£  ¨Ã¦â‚¬ Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£â€šâ€šÃ£ â€"㠁 Ã£â€šÅ'㠁Å'㠁‚㠁 ªÃ£ Å¸Ã£  «Ã£  ¨Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã¥ ½ ¹Ã§ «â€¹Ã£  ¤Ã£â€šË†Ã£ â€ Ã£  ªÃ£â€šâ€°Ã£â‚¬ Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£ â€ºÃ£  ¦Ã£  Ã£   Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£  ­Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£  Ã£  ®Ã£ â€šÃ£  ¨Ã£  ®Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šÅ Ã£  µÃ£â€šâ€šÃ§ ¶Å¡Ã£ â€˜Ã£  ¦Ã£â‚¬ Ã¦â€º ¸Ã£  Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ£ â„¢Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£  «Ã£ â€"㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š Romaji Translation Nihon no furuku kara iitsutawareteiru hanashi o mukashi-banashi to iimasu. Mukashi-banashi wa ippanteki ni, Mukashi mukashi aru tokoro ni ... to itta kimari monku de hajimarimasu. Soshite ojiisan, obaasan, Tarou ya Jirou to itta namae no otoko no hito ga, shibashiba toujou jinbutsu to shite arawaremasu. Nihon no mukashi-banashi wa daihyoutekina mono dake de, ni san byaku wa arimasu. Ooku no nihon-jin ni totte, kikisodatta mukashi-banashi wa totemo najimibukai mono desu. Manga Nihon Mukashi Banashi wa, mukashi-banashi o animeka shita ninki terebi bangumi desu. Yuuchuubu demo, sono bangumi o miru koto ga dekimasu. Sono naka no hitotsu no Hanasaka Jiisan ni eigo no jimaku ga tsuiteiru koto ni kizukimashita. Yoi kikitori no renshuu ni naru to omoimasu. Sono Hanasaka Jiisan no saisho no ni-fun kan no serifu o nihongo to roomaji de kakidashite mimashita. Benkyou no tasuke to naru to ii na to omoimasu. Moshi sore ga anata ni totte yaku ni tatsuyounara, shirasete kudasai ne. Sono ato no seri fu mo tsuzukete, kakidasu koto ni shimasu. Note: The translation is not always literal. Beginners Phrases There are a few hundred stories that are considered standard Japanese folktales. Nihon no mukashi-banashi wa daihyoutekina mono dake de, ni san byaku wa arimasu.㠁 «Ã£  »Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ® む㠁‹ã â€"㠁 °Ã£  ªÃ£ â€"㠁 ¯ 㠁  Ã£ â€žÃ£  ²Ã£â€šâ€¡Ã£ â€ Ã£  ¦Ã£  Ã£  ªÃ£â€šâ€šÃ£  ®Ã£   Ã£ â€˜Ã£  §Ã£â‚¬ Ã£  «Ã£â‚¬ Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ³Ã£â€šÆ'㠁 Ã£  ¯ 㠁‚り㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£  ®Ã¦Ëœâ€Ã¨ © ±Ã£  ¯Ã¤ » £Ã¨ ¡ ¨Ã§Å¡â€žÃ£  ªÃ£â€šâ€šÃ£  ®Ã£   Ã£ â€˜Ã£  §Ã£â‚¬ Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã£  ¯Ã£ â€šÃ£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Management of Change in Lufthansa Airlines Essay

Management of Change in Lufthansa Airlines - Essay Example Secondly, there must be allocation and mobilisation of resources so that the necessary changes may be executed. According to Beer and Eisenstat (2000, p. 32), it is increasingly becoming very critical for the corporate world to excel at strategic change management so that they could outperform their competitors. This paper then will discuss corporate restructuring and privatisation in Lufthansa Airlines. The Type of Change and Why It Was Introduced Lufthansa was almost going under in 1991 owing to accrued large debts. However, in a span of eight years, the company turned around its fortunes to become a world leader in the aviation industry. In order to turn around its fortunes, the company had to institute radical changes. After instituting changes, which was the first step in the process, more allied changes had to follow so that the future of the company could be assured. The management of the company decided to execute change at four different levels, which were modelled around th e concept of renewal sustenance at four levels. However, after eight years of its turnaround, none of the processes that were started were completed. The most challenging bit was sustaining the progress introduced through change. It has been pointed out by Boxall (1996, p. 66) that most processes of change do not work because of an absence of attitudes geared towards change. It follows then that irrespective of how important or good a change process is, the desired goals are not achieved. Similarly, Beer and Eisenstat (2000, p. 35) are of the opinion that those change programs that do not work are usually based on theories of change that are flawed. In this case, it is important for change management to recognise their limitations in terms of ability to institute changes from the top. Instead, change managers should be involved in the creation of the climate of change that is in tandem with the company’s development goals without relying on any specific solution (Armenakis an d Bedeain, 1999, p. 302; Schuler and Jackson, S. 2001, p. 247). There is usually a difference between execution philosophy of change and process management philosophy. On the one hand, the former is of the assumption that leading change is the primary task in the process of change while, on the other hand, the latter places emphasis on the main task of change as planned implementation (Burnes, 2009, p. 76). The Context in Which Change Took Place During the change process, it becomes apparent that the basis of principles and values are dictated by underlying cultures (Worren, Ruddle and Moore, 1999, p. 279). The conditions that exist in the American companies are different from those of European continent in relation to criteria that are important for change strategies (Theodorakopoulos and Figueira, 2012, p. 863). This is particularly pertinent to HRM (human resource management) because it is involved with contemporary techniques of management, besides primarily dealing with etiquet te and values. There has to be a differentiation between strategies HRM and their role during the change process. It has been noted that HRM is deeply entrenched in the American culture, which counter-runs the prevalent In Europe culture of social responsibility, collectivism and pluralism (Saunders, Mann and Smith, 2008, p. 1110).